No. 247
¹Ì±¹Àº ¿ì¸® ¿ª»ç¸¦ ¾î¶»°Ô ¹è¿ì¸ç ÀÌÇØÇÏ°í ÀÖÀ»±î.
¿©±â ÀÖ´Â Çѱ¹»ç¸¦ ÇÑ ¹ø Àо¼¼¿ä.
¹Ì±¹ ±³°ú¼¿¡¼ ±×´ë·Î ¿Å°Ü¿Â ±ÛÀÔ´Ï´Ù
The Kingdom of Korea
Korea is another East Asian with a distinctive and rich culture.
For much of its long history, Korea has been dominated by stronger powers.
Most often, China or Japan controlled Korean politically and influenced its culture.
But the Koreans have managed to keep their own identity.
Çѱ¹ÀÇ ¿Õ±¹
Çѱ¹Àº ¶Ç ÇϳªÀÇ µ¶Æ¯ÇÏ°í È·ÁÇÑ ¹®È¸¦ °¡Áø µ¿¾Æ½Ã¾Æ ±¹°¡ÀÌ´Ù.
±ä ¿ª»çµ¿¾È Çѱ¹Àº ´õ °ÇÑ ÈûÀ» °¡Áø Á¸Àç·ÎºÎÅÍ Áö¹è¸¦ ¹Þ¾Æ¿Ô´Ù.
Á¾Á¾, Áß±¹°ú ÀϺ»Àº Çѱ¹À» Á¤Ä¡ÀûÀ¸·Î Áö¹èÇß°í Çѱ¹ÀÇ ¹®È¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ³¢ÃÆ´Ù.
ÇÏÁö¸¸ Çѱ¹Àº ±×µé ³ª¸§´ë·ÎÀÇ µ¶ÀÚÀû ¹®È¸¦ ÁöÄѳª°¬´Ù.
1. The Early Years. The first recorded effort at political organization in Korea was made in 194 B.C.
A military leader named Wiman set up a tate that came to be known as Wiman Choson.
Choson lasted for approximately 80 years, until armies from China destroyed it.
The northern part of Korea then became part of the Chinese Empire.
1. Ãʱâ, °¡Àå óÀ½À¸·Î Çѱ¹¿¡ Á¤Ä¡ÀûÀÎ Á¶Á÷ü°¡ ¸¸µé¾îÁø °ÍÀº B.C.194³âÀÌ´Ù.
±º´ëÀÇ ÁöµµÀÚÀÎ À§¸¸ÀÌ À§¸¸ Á¶¼± À̶ó´Â ±¹°¡¸¦ ¼¼¿î °ÍÀÌ ±×°ÍÀÌ´Ù.
Á¶¼±Àº Áß±¹ÀÇ °ø°ÝÀ» ¹Þ¾Æ ¸ê¸ÁÇÒ ¶§±îÁö 80¿©³â°£ °è¼ÓµÇ¾ú´Ù.
±×¸®°í ³ª¼ Çѱ¹ÀÇ ºÏÂÊ ¿µÅä´Â Áß±¹ÀÇ ¿µÅä°¡ µÇ¾ú´Ù.
* - Çä, ³Ê¹«ÇÏ´Ù. (ͯ)Á¶¼±ÀÇ ¿ª»ç°¡ 80³âÀÌ µÇ´Ù´Ï...
From about A.D.1 to 900, Korea was divided into three kingdoms.
The Chinese culture strongly influenced the kingdom in the northern part of the country.
Buddhism, Confucianism, and the Chinese written language were brought to Korea during this period.
Japanese culture had a greater effect on the two kingdoms in the south, which were closer to Japan.
´ë·« A.D. 1³â¿¡¼ 900³â±îÁö Çѱ¹Àº ¼¼ °³ÀÇ ¿Õ±¹À¸·Î ³ª´µ¾îÁ® ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.
Áß±¹ÀÇ ¹®È´Â ºÏÂÊ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ³ª¶ó (°í±¸·Á)¿¡ °ÇÑ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÃÆ´Ù.
ºÒ±³, À¯±³, ±×¸®°í Áß±¹ ¹®ÀÚ(ÇÑÀÚ)°¡ ÀÌ ½Ã±â¿¡ Çѱ¹À¸·Î µé¾î¿Ô´Ù. ÀϺ»ÀÇ
¹®È´Â ´õ¿í ´õ °ÇÑ ¿µÇâÀ» ÀϺ»¿¡ °¡±î¿î ³²ÂÊÀÇ µÎ ³ª¶ó(¹éÁ¦¿Í
½Å¶ó)¿¡ ÁÖ¾ú´Ù.
* - À½. ÀÓ³ªÀϺ»ºÎ¼³ÀÇ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÞÀº °Í °°ÁÒ?
From the 10th through the 14th centuries, a dynasty of Buddhist rulers
called the Koryo united all of Korea. (The name Korea comes from the
word Koryo.) Although these kings ruled independently, they paid tribute to the
Mongol Empire. During the Koryo period, in 1234, the
Koreans invented movable metal type using Chinese symbols to print books.
10¼¼±âºÎÅÍ 14¼¼±â±îÁö, ºÒ±³ ¿ÕÁ¶ÀÎ °í·Á°¡ Çѱ¹ Àüü¸¦ ÅëÀÏÇß´Ù.
(ÄÚ¸®¾Æ¶ó´Â À̸§Àº °í·Á¶ó ´Â ´Ü¾î¿¡ ¼ À¯·¡µÈ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.) ºñ·Ï ÀÌ
¿Õ±¹µéÀº ÀÚÁÖÀûÀ̾úÁö¸¸, ¸ù°í Á¦±¹¿¡ ¿¬°øÀ» ¹ÙÃÄ¾ß Çß´Ù. °í·Á,
1234³â¿¡ Çѱ¹ÀεéÀº Áß±¹ÀÇ ¹®ÀÚ¸¦ Âï¾î³¾ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ±Ý¼ÓÈ°ÀÚ¸¦ ¹ß¸íÇß´Ù.
The Koryo period ended in A.D.1392. In that year, the Yi Dynasty
established its rule over Korea. The Yi, who followed the teachings
of Confucius, built their imperial capital at Seoul. This city served
as the center of political rule for most of Korea¢¥s history.
°í·ÁÀÇ ½Ã´ë´Â A.D.1392³â¿¡ ³¡³µ´Ù. ÀÌ ÇØ¿¡´Â À̾¾ ¿ÕÁ¶°¡ Çѱ¹¿¡ µé¾î¼¹´Ù. À¯±³
¿ÕÁ¶ÀÎ ÀÌ ¾¾ ¿ÕÁ¶´Â ±×µéÀÇ ¼öµµ¸¦ ¼¿ï¿¡ °Ç¼³Çß´Ù.
ÀÌ µµ½Ã´Â ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ Çѱ¹ ¿ª»ç¿¡¼ Á¤Ä¡»óÀÇ Áß½ÉÁö·Î Á¸ÀçÇØ ¿Â °÷ÀÌ´Ù.
A civil service examination system was used to select government
officials from a group of scholars trained in Confucian teachings.
In this and in other ways, the Koreans continued to draw heavily
on Chinese culture. But they did create their own alphabet in
the 1440¢¥s.
°ú°Å½ÃÇèÀº Á¤ºÎÀÇ °ü¸®¸¦ »Ì´Â Á¦µµÀ̸ç, À¯»ýµé Áß¿¡¼ »Ì¾Ò´Ù.
ÀÌ·± ¸é¿¡¼³ª ´Ù¸¥ ¸é¿¡¼³ª Çѱ¹Àº °è¼ÓÇؼ ¾öû³ Áß±¹ ¹®È¸¦
µé¿©¿Ô´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ±×µéÀº 1440³â¿¡ Àڽŵ鸸ÀÇ ¹®ÀÚ¸¦ ¸¸
µé±âµµ Çß´Ù.
China also gave Korea military aid. With this help, Koreans
resisted Japanese forces that invaded their country from 1592
to 1598. During the war, a Korean hero, Admiral Yi Sunshin, built
the world¢¥s first iron-sided ship. With it, he destroyed much of the
Japanese fleet, which was made of wood.
Áß±¹Àº ¶ÇÇÑ ±º»çÀûÀÎ ¸éÀ¸·Î Çѱ¹À» µµ¿ÍÁÖ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ µµ¿ò¿¡
ÈûÀÔ¾î 1592³âºÎÅÍ 1598³â±îÁö ħ·«ÇØ¿Ô´ø ÀϺ»À» °ÝÅð½Ãų ¼ö
ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ ÀüÀï ±â°£ µ¿¾È, Çѱ¹ÀÇ ¸íÀåÀÎ À̼ø½ÅÀº ¼¼°è ÃÖÃÊ
ÀÇ Ã¶°©¼±À» ¸¸µé¾ú´Ù. ±× ¹è·Î ±×´Â ¸¹Àº ÀϺ»ÀÇ ³ª¹« ÇԴ븦 Àü¸ê½ÃÄ×´Ù.
* - À̼ø½Å À屺Àº ÀÌ ±³°ú¼¿¡¼ ²Ï³ª ºñÁßÀÌ ÀÖ±º¿ä. ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µéÀÌ
À̼ø½Å À屺À» ¾Ë¸®·Á ³ë·ÂÇÑ ´öºÐÀÎ °Í °°³×¿ä. ÇÏÁö¸¸, ±× °úÁ¤¿¡¼
°ÅºÏ¼±À» ³Ê¹« °Á¶ÇÑ °Í °°½À´Ï´Ù. À̼ø½Å À屺 ÀÌ ½Â¸®ÇÑ ¿øÀÎÀº ¶Ù¾î³ Àü¼ú ¶§¹®
À̾ú´Âµ¥...
Explain: Early Korean history was shaped by the Koryo and the Yi.
¼³¸íÇϽÿÀ: ÃʱâÀÇ Çѱ¹ ¿ª»ç´Â °í·Á¿Í À̾¾ ¿ÕÁ¶¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁ³´Ù.
2. The Manchu Influence. The war with the Japanese exhausted
the Koreans. As a result, new invaders from Manchuria easily
conquered the whole country in the 1630¢¥s. The Manchus
then went on to seize control of China. In Korea, while the Yi
rulers remained on the
throne, they were subject to the Manchu government.
2. ¸¸ÁÖ(û; ÀÌÇÏ ¸¸ÁÖ È¤Àº Áß±¹À¸·Î Ç¥±â)ÀÇ ¿µÇâ. ÀϺ»°úÀÇ ÀüÀïÀº
Çѱ¹ÀεéÀ» ÁöÄ¡°Ô ¸¸µé ¾ú´Ù. ±×·± °á°ú·Î ÀÎÇØ, 1630³â´ë¿¡´Â ¸¸ÁÖÀÇ »õ·Î¿î ħ·«ÀÚ
µéÀÌ Àü ±¹Å並 ½±°Ô Á¤º¹Çß´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¸¸ÁÖÁ·µéÀº Áß±¹ÀÇ
Á¤º¹¿¡ ³ª¼¹´Ù. Çѱ¹¿¡¼´Â À̾¾ ¿ÕÁ¶°¡ ±×´ë·Î ³²¾Æ ¸¸ÁÖ Á¤ºÎ¿¡ Á¾¼Ó
µÇ¾ú´Ù.
Korea, following China¢¥s lead, isolated itself from the rest
of the world. European sailors who became shipwrecked in Korea
were usually held prisoner. In 1669, eight sailors escaped from
Seoul after 13 years of captivity. When one of the sailors, Hendrick
Hamel, returned to Holland, he wrote a book about his experience.
This book gave the
Western world its first description of Korea.
Çѱ¹Àº Áß±¹À» µû¸£¸é¼ ±× ¹ÛÀÇ ¼¼°è·ÎºÎÅÍ ÀÚ½ÅÀ» °í¸³½ÃÄ×´Ù.
³ÆĵǾî Çѱ¹¿¡ Ç¥·ùÇÑ À¯·´ Ç×ÇØ»çµéÀº º¸Åë °¨¿Á¿¡ ¼ö°¨µÇ¾ú´Ù. 1669³â, 8¸íÀÇ Ç×
ÇØ»çµéÀÌ 13³â¸¸¿¡ ¼¿ï·ÎºÎÅÍ Å»ÃâÇß´Ù.
±× ÁßÀÇ ÇÑ ¸íÀÎ Çîµå¸¯ ÇϸáÀº ³×´ú¶õµå¿¡ µ¹¾Æ°¡ ±×°¡ °æÇèÇÑ °ÍµéÀ»
Ã¥À¸·Î Æì³Â´Ù. ÀÌ Ã¥Àº
¼±¸ ¼¼°è¿¡¼´Â óÀ½À¸·Î Çѱ¹¿¡ ´ëÇØ ±â¼úÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
After 1860, Western nations and Japan tried to force the Koreans
to open their ports to trade. The Koreans resisted all such
attempts. At the same time, the rivalry between China and Japan
over Korea grew. Both wanted control of rich resources in Korea, such as
minerals and timber.
1860³â ÀÌÈÄ, ¼¾çÀÇ ³ª¶óµé°ú ÀϺ»Àº Çѱ¹ÀÇ ¹®È£ °³¹æÀ» À§ÇØ ¾Ð·ÂÀ»
°¡ÇÏ·ÁÇÏ¿´´Ù. Çѱ¹Àεé Àº ±×·¯ÇÑ ¸ðµç ½Ãµµ¿¡ ÀúÇ×Çß´Ù. °°Àº ½Ã±â¿¡
Áß±¹°ú ÀϺ»Àº Çѱ¹À» »çÀÌ¿¡ µÎ°í °æÀïÀ» °Åµì ÇÏ°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ¾çÂÊ ¸ðµÎ´Â Çѱ¹ÀÇ ±¤
¹°À̳ª ¸ñÀç µîµîÀÇ ÀÚ¿øÀÇ Áö¹è±ÇÀ» ¿øÇß´Ù.
In 1876, the Korean government finally gave to Japanese pressure.
A trade agreement was signed, opening up several Korean ports to
trade. Soon, other nations, such as the United States, Great Britain,
and Russia, signed treaties with Korea. Russia, a neighbor of
Korea, was, like Japan, especially interested in Korea¢¥s resources.
1876³â¿¡, Çѱ¹ÀÇ Á¤ºÎ´Â °á±¹ ÀϺ»ÀÇ ¾Ð·Â¿¡ ³»ÁÖ°í ¸»¾Ò´Ù. ¹«¿ªÇùÁ¤ÀÌ
¸Î¾îÁ³°í ¼³Ê °³ÀÇ Çѱ¹ Ç×±¸ °¡ ¹«¿ªÀ» À§ÇØ °³¹æµÇ¾ú´Ù. °ðÀÌ¾î ¹Ì±¹,
¿µ±¹, ±×¸®°í ·¯½Ã¾Æ¿Í °°Àº ´Ù¸¥ ³ª¶óµé
ÀÌ Çѱ¹°ú Á¶¾àÀ» ¸Î¾ú´Ù. ÀϺ»°ú °°ÀÌ Çѱ¹ÀÇ ÀÌ¿ô ³ª¶ó¿´´ø ·¯½Ã¾Æ´Â
Ưº°È÷ Çѱ¹ÀÇ ÀÚ¿ø¿¡ Èï¹Ì¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.
The Manchu government in China resented the growing Japanese
influence in Korea. The Manchus attempted to take firmer control
of Yi affairs. This conflict between China and Japan let to a
brief war in 1894 in which the Chinese were defeated. At the end of the
war in 1895, China recognized Korea¢¥s independence. Japan had
ended the Manchu influence in Korea.
Áß±¹ÀÇ ¸¸ÁÖ Á¤ºÎ´Â Çѱ¹¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀϺ»ÀÇ ¿µÇâ·ÂÀÌ Ä¿Áö´Â °Í¿¡
ºÐ°³ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¸¸ÁÖ´Â À̾¾ ¿ÕÁ¶ÀÇ Áö¹è±ÇÀ» ´õ¿í °ß°íÈ÷ ÇÏ·ÁÇß´Ù.
ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Áß±¹°ú ÀϺ»ÀÇ Ãæµ¹Àº 1984³â¿¡ ÀüÀïÀ¸·Î À̾îÁ³°í, ÀÌ
ÀüÀïÀº Áß±¹ÀÇ Æйè·Î Á¾°áµÇ¾ú´Ù. 1895³â ¸», Áß±¹Àº Çѱ¹ÀÇ
µ¶¸³À» ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÀϺ»Àº Çѱ¹ ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¸¸ÁÖÀÇ ¿µÇâÀ» ³¡³½ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
Prove or Disprove: Korea was greatly influenced by competition between China and
Japan.
ÀÔÁõ ȤÀº ¹ÝÁõÇϽÿÀ: Çѱ¹Àº Áß±¹°ú ÀϺ»ÀÇ °æÀïÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ °Å´ëÇÑ
¿µÇâÀ» ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù.
3. Japanese Rule. After the defeat of China, the Japanese began
to force a number of reforms on the Yi government. The Russian
began to aid the Koreans against the Japanese.
Russia wanted control of Korea. Japan wanted Russia out of Korea.
The two powers went to war in 1904. To everyone¢¥s surprise, the
japanese defeated the Russians on land and sea. In 1910, Japan
annexed Korea
and ended the Yi Dynasty. Korea became the largest
possession in the Japanese Empire.
3. ÀϺ»ÀÇ ÅëÄ¡. Áß±¹ÀÇ ÆйèÀÇ ÀÌÈÄ ÀϺ»Àº À̾¾ ¿ÕÁ¶ÀÇ °³Çõ¿¡
¾Ð·ÂÀ» ³Ö±â ½ÃÀÛÇß´Ù. ·¯½Ã¾Æ ¶ÇÇÑ ÀϺ»¿¡ ¸Â¼ Çѱ¹ÀεéÀ» ¿øÁ¶Çϱâ
½ÃÀÛÇß´Ù. ·¯½Ã¾Æ´Â Çѱ¹ÀÇ Áö¹è±ÇÀ» ¿øÇß´Ù. ÀϺ»Àº ·¯½Ã¾Æ¸¦ Çѱ¹¿¡¼
¸ô¾Æ³»±æ ¿øÇß´Ù. ÀÌ µÎ ¼¼·ÂÀÇ °¥µîÀº 1904³âÀÇ ÀüÀïÀ¸·Î Æø¹ßÇß´Ù. ÀϺ»ÀÌ
À°Áö¿Í ¹Ù´Ù¿¡¼ ¸ðµÎ ·¯½Ã¾Æ¸¦ °ÝÆÄÇß´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀº ¸ðµÎ¸¦ ³î¶ó°Ô Çß´Ù.
1910³â, ÀϺ»Àº Çѱ¹À» ÇÕº´ÇÏ°í À̾¾ ¿ÕÁ¶¸¦ ¸ê¸Á½ÃÄ×´Ù. Çѱ¹Àº
ÀϺ»Á¦±¹ÀÇ °¡Àå Å« ¼Ó·ÉÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù.
Japanese rule was harsh. A governor-general directly responsible
to the Japanese emperor administered Korea. Freedom of speech
and the press and other rights were denied to the
Koreans. Schools had to teach the Japanese culture and language
and ignore the heritage of Korea. The Japanese used their new
colony as a place to raise rice to feed the people of Japan. Japanese business w
ere encouraged, while Koreans were
discouraged from engaging
in such business. The Japanese also established military bases
in Korea to aid further
conquests in Asia.
ÀϺ»ÀÇ ÅëÄ¡´Â °¡È¤Çß´Ù. ÀϺ» õȲÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ÀÓ¸íµÈ Ãѵ¶Àº Á÷Á¢
Çѱ¹À» ÅëÄ¡ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¹ß¾ð°ú ¾ð·ÐÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯, ±×¸®°í ´Ù¸¥ ±Ç¸®µéÀº
Çѱ¹Àε鿡°Ô´Â Çã¿ëµÇÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù.
Çб³¿¡¼´Â ÀϺ»ÀÇ ¹®È¿Í ¾ð¾î¸¦ °¡¸£ÃÄ¾ß Çß°í Çѱ¹ÀÇ À¯»êÀº
¹«½Ã´çÇß´Ù. ÀϺ»Àº ±×µéÀÇ »õ·Î¿î ½Ä¹ÎÁö·ÎºÎÅÍ ½ÒÀ» Âø
ÃëÇØ°¡ ÀڽŵéÀÇ ±¹¹ÎµéÀ» ¸Ô¿´´Ù. ÀϺ»ÀÇ »ê¾÷Àº Àå·ÁµÇ¾ú°í,
Çѱ¹ÀεéÀº ±×¿Í °°Àº »ê¾÷¿¡ ¼Õµµ ´î ¼ö ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ÀϺ»Àº ¶ÇÇÑ
Çѱ¹¿¡ ±º»ç½Ã¼³À» ¼¼¿ì°í ¾Æ½Ã¾Æ Á¤º¹ÀÇ ¹ßÆÇÀ¸·Î »ï¾Ò´Ù.
In some ways, the Koreans benefited from Japanese rule.
The communication and transportation systems were greatly
improved. Modern business techniques used by the Japanese helped
the economic development of Korea. The advanced educational
system that the Japanese established trained many of Korea¢¥s leaders.
ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Î´Â Çѱ¹µé¿¡°Ô ÀϺ»ÀÇ ÅëÄ¡°¡ À̵æÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±³ÅëÅë½Å°ú
¿î¼Û ½Ã¼³ÀÌ ¸Å¿ì Çâ»óµÇ¾ú´Ù. ÀϺ»ÀÌ »ç¿ëÇÏ´ø ±Ù´ë »ê¾÷ ±â¼úÀº
Çѱ¹ÀÇ °æÁ¦ ¼ºÀå¿¡ µµ¿òÀ» ÁÖ¾ú´Ù. ÀϺ»ÀÌ ¼¼¿î Áøº¸Àû
ÀÎ ±³À° Á¦µµ°¡ ¸¹Àº Çѱ¹ÀÇ ÁöµµÀÚ¸¦ ¾ç¼º½ÃÄ×´Ù.
Korea did not become an independent nation again until 1945,
after the defeat of the Japanese Empire in World War II. Even today, Korea conti
nues to be influenced by stronger
nations, especially China, Japan, and the United States.
Çѱ¹Àº ¼¼°è 2Â÷ ´ëÀüÀÌ ³¡³ª ÀϺ»Á¦±¹ÀÌ ¸ê¸ÁÇÒ ¶§ÀÎ 1945³â±îÁö
µ¶¸³±¹ÀÌ µÇÁö ¸øÇß´Ù. ¿ÀÈ÷·Á Áö±Ý±îÁöµµ Çѱ¹Àº Áß±¹, ÀϺ»,
±×¸®°í ¹Ì±¹°ú °°Àº °´ë±¹µé¿¡°Ô ¸¹Àº ¿µÇâÀ» ¹Þ°í ÀÖ´Ù.
Give two examples of the h...
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